language:

• en tags:
• sentence-transformers
• sentence-similarity
• feature-extraction
• generated_from_trainer
• dataset_size:3012496
• loss:CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss base_model: answerdotai/ModernBERT-base widget:
• source_sentence: how much is a car title transfer in minnesota? sentences:
  • This complex is a larger molecule than the original crystal violet stain and iodine and is insoluble in water. ... Conversely, the the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria is degraded and the thinner peptidoglycan layer of Gram negative cells is unable to retain the crystal violet-iodine complex and the color is lost.
  • Get insurance on the car and provide proof. Bring this information (including the title) to the Minnesota DVS office, as well as $10 for the filing fee and $7.25 for the titling fee. There is also a $10 transfer tax, as well as a 6.5% sales tax on the purchase price.
  • 'One of the risks of DNP is that it accelerates the metabolism to a dangerously fast level. Our metabolic system operates at the rate it does for a reason – it is safe. Speeding up the metabolism may help burn off fat, but it can also trigger a number of potentially dangerous side effects, such as: fever.'
• source_sentence: what is the difference between 18 and 20 inch tires? sentences:
  • The only real difference is a 20" rim would be more likely to be damaged, as you pointed out. Beyond looks, there is zero benefit for the 20" rim. Also, just the availability of tires will likely be much more limited for the larger rim. ... Tire selection is better for 18" wheels than 20" wheels.
  • '[''Open your Outlook app on your mobile device and click on the Settings gear icon.'', ''Under Settings, click on the Signature option.'', ''Enter either a generic signature that could be used for all email accounts tied to your Outlook app, or a specific signature, Per Account Signature, for each email account.'']'
  • The average normal body temperature is around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, or 37 degrees Celsius. If your body temperature drops to just a few degrees lower than this, your blood vessels in your hands, feet, arms, and legs start to get narrower.
• source_sentence: whom the bell tolls meaning? sentences:
  • 'Answer: Humans are depicted in Hindu art often in sensuous and erotic postures.'
  • The phrase "For whom the bell tolls" refers to the church bells that are rung when a person dies. Hence, the author is suggesting that we should not be curious as to for whom the church bell is tolling for. It is for all of us.
  • '[''Automatically.'', ''When connected to car Bluetooth and,'', ''Manually.'']'
• source_sentence: how long before chlamydia symptoms appear? sentences:
  • Most people who have chlamydia don't notice any symptoms. If you do get symptoms, these usually appear between 1 and 3 weeks after having unprotected sex with an infected person. For some people they don't develop until many months later. Sometimes the symptoms can disappear after a few days.
  • '[''Open the My Verizon app . ... '', ''Tap the Menu icon. ... '', ''Tap Manage device for the appropriate mobile number. ... '', ''Tap Transfer content between phones. ... '', ''Tap Start Transfer.'']'
  • 'Psychiatrist vs Psychologist A psychiatrist is classed as a medical doctor, they include a physical examination of symptoms in their assessment and are able to prescribe medicine: a psychologist is also a doctor by virtue of their PHD level qualification, but is not medically trained and cannot prescribe.'
• source_sentence: are you human korean novela? sentences:
  • Many cysts heal on their own, which means that conservative treatments like rest and anti-inflammatory painkillers can often be enough to get rid of them. However, in some cases, routine drainage of the sac may be necessary to reduce symptoms.
  • A relative of European pear varieties like Bartlett and Anjou, the Asian pear is great used in recipes or simply eaten out of hand. It retains a crispness that works well in slaws and salads, and it holds its shape better than European pears when baked and cooked.
  • 'Are You Human? (Korean: 너도 인간이니; RR: Neodo Inganini; lit. Are You Human Too?) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Seo Kang-jun and Gong Seung-yeon. It aired on KBS2''s Mondays and Tuesdays at 22:00 (KST) time slot, from June 4 to August 7, 2018.' datasets:
• sentence-transformers/gooaq pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity library_name: sentence-transformers metrics:
• cosine_accuracy@1
• cosine_accuracy@3
• cosine_accuracy@5
• cosine_accuracy@10
• cosine_precision@1
• cosine_precision@3
• cosine_precision@5
• cosine_precision@10
• cosine_recall@1
• cosine_recall@3
• cosine_recall@5
• cosine_recall@10
• cosine_ndcg@10
• cosine_mrr@10
• cosine_map@100 model-index:
• name: SentenceTransformer based on answerdotai/ModernBERT-base results:
  • task: type: information-retrieval name: Information Retrieval dataset: name: NanoNQ type: NanoNQ metrics:
    • type: cosine_accuracy@1 value: 0.38 name: Cosine Accuracy@1
    • type: cosine_accuracy@3 value: 0.64 name: Cosine Accuracy@3
    • type: cosine_accuracy@5 value: 0.7 name: Cosine Accuracy@5
    • type: cosine_accuracy@10 value: 0.8 name: Cosine Accuracy@10
    • type: cosine_precision@1 value: 0.38 name: Cosine Precision@1
    • type: cosine_precision@3 value: 0.22 name: Cosine Precision@3
    • type: cosine_precision@5 value: 0.14400000000000002 name: Cosine Precision@5
    • type: cosine_precision@10 value: 0.08199999999999999 name: Cosine Precision@10
    • type: cosine_recall@1 value: 0.36 name: Cosine Recall@1
    • type: cosine_recall@3 value: 0.62 name: Cosine Recall@3
    • type: cosine_recall@5 value: 0.67 name: Cosine Recall@5
    • type: cosine_recall@10 value: 0.74 name: Cosine Recall@10
    • type: cosine_ndcg@10 value: 0.5673854489333459 name: Cosine Ndcg@10
    • type: cosine_mrr@10 value: 0.5237460317460316 name: Cosine Mrr@10
    • type: cosine_map@100 value: 0.5116785860647901 name: Cosine Map@100
  • task: type: information-retrieval name: Information Retrieval dataset: name: NanoMSMARCO type: NanoMSMARCO metrics:
    • type: cosine_accuracy@1 value: 0.32 name: Cosine Accuracy@1
    • type: cosine_accuracy@3 value: 0.56 name: Cosine Accuracy@3
    • type: cosine_accuracy@5 value: 0.66 name: Cosine Accuracy@5
    • type: cosine_accuracy@10 value: 0.82 name: Cosine Accuracy@10
    • type: cosine_precision@1 value: 0.32 name: Cosine Precision@1
    • type: cosine_precision@3 value: 0.18666666666666665 name: Cosine Precision@3
    • type: cosine_precision@5 value: 0.132 name: Cosine Precision@5
    • type: cosine_precision@10 value: 0.08199999999999999 name: Cosine Precision@10
    • type: cosine_recall@1 value: 0.32 name: Cosine Recall@1
    • type: cosine_recall@3 value: 0.56 name: Cosine Recall@3
    • type: cosine_recall@5 value: 0.66 name: Cosine Recall@5
    • type: cosine_recall@10 value: 0.82 name: Cosine Recall@10
    • type: cosine_ndcg@10 value: 0.555381357077638 name: Cosine Ndcg@10
    • type: cosine_mrr@10 value: 0.47249206349206346 name: Cosine Mrr@10
    • type: cosine_map@100 value: 0.4797949229011178 name: Cosine Map@100
  • task: type: nano-beir name: Nano BEIR dataset: name: NanoBEIR mean type: NanoBEIR_mean metrics:
    • type: cosine_accuracy@1 value: 0.35 name: Cosine Accuracy@1
    • type: cosine_accuracy@3 value: 0.6000000000000001 name: Cosine Accuracy@3
    • type: cosine_accuracy@5 value: 0.6799999999999999 name: Cosine Accuracy@5
    • type: cosine_accuracy@10 value: 0.81 name: Cosine Accuracy@10
    • type: cosine_precision@1 value: 0.35 name: Cosine Precision@1
    • type: cosine_precision@3 value: 0.2033333333333333 name: Cosine Precision@3
    • type: cosine_precision@5 value: 0.138 name: Cosine Precision@5
    • type: cosine_precision@10 value: 0.08199999999999999 name: Cosine Precision@10
    • type: cosine_recall@1 value: 0.33999999999999997 name: Cosine Recall@1
    • type: cosine_recall@3 value: 0.5900000000000001 name: Cosine Recall@3
    • type: cosine_recall@5 value: 0.665 name: Cosine Recall@5
    • type: cosine_recall@10 value: 0.78 name: Cosine Recall@10
    • type: cosine_ndcg@10 value: 0.5613834030054919 name: Cosine Ndcg@10
    • type: cosine_mrr@10 value: 0.4981190476190476 name: Cosine Mrr@10
    • type: cosine_map@100 value: 0.49573675448295396 name: Cosine Map@100

SentenceTransformer based on answerdotai/ModernBERT-base

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from answerdotai/ModernBERT-base on the gooaq dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

This model has been finetuned using train_st_gooaq.py using an RTX 3090, although only 10GB of VRAM was used.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: answerdotai/ModernBERT-base
• Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
• Training Dataset:
  • gooaq
• Language: en

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: ModernBertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("tomaarsen/ModernBERT-base-gooaq")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'are you human korean novela?',
    "Are You Human? (Korean: 너도 인간이니; RR: Neodo Inganini; lit. Are You Human Too?) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Seo Kang-jun and Gong Seung-yeon. It aired on KBS2's Mondays and Tuesdays at 22:00 (KST) time slot, from June 4 to August 7, 2018.",
    'A relative of European pear varieties like Bartlett and Anjou, the Asian pear is great used in recipes or simply eaten out of hand. It retains a crispness that works well in slaws and salads, and it holds its shape better than European pears when baked and cooked.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• Datasets: NanoNQ and NanoMSMARCO
• Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Nano BEIR

• Dataset: NanoBEIR_mean
• Evaluated with NanoBEIREvaluator

Training Details

Training Dataset

gooaq

• Dataset: gooaq at b089f72
• Size: 3,012,496 training samples
• Columns: question and answer
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	question	answer
  type	string	string
  details	min: 8 tokens mean: 12.0 tokens max: 21 tokens	min: 15 tokens mean: 58.17 tokens max: 190 tokens

• Samples:

  question	answer
  what is the difference between clay and mud mask?	The main difference between the two is that mud is a skin-healing agent, while clay is a cosmetic, drying agent. Clay masks are most useful for someone who has oily skin and is prone to breakouts of acne and blemishes.
  myki how much on card?	A full fare myki card costs $6 and a concession, seniors or child myki costs $3. For more information about how to use your myki, visit ptv.vic.gov.au or call 1800 800 007.
  how to find out if someone blocked your phone number on iphone?	If you get a notification like "Message Not Delivered" or you get no notification at all, that's a sign of a potential block. Next, you could try calling the person. If the call goes right to voicemail or rings once (or a half ring) then goes to voicemail, that's further evidence you may have been blocked.

• Loss: CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  

Evaluation Dataset

gooaq

• Dataset: gooaq at b089f72
• Size: 3,012,496 evaluation samples
• Columns: question and answer
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	question	answer
  type	string	string
  details	min: 8 tokens mean: 12.05 tokens max: 21 tokens	min: 13 tokens mean: 59.08 tokens max: 116 tokens

• Samples:

  question	answer
  how do i program my directv remote with my tv?	['Press MENU on your remote.', 'Select Settings & Help > Settings > Remote Control > Program Remote.', 'Choose the device (TV, audio, DVD) you wish to program. ... ', 'Follow the on-screen prompts to complete programming.']
  are rodrigues fruit bats nocturnal?	Before its numbers were threatened by habitat destruction, storms, and hunting, some of those groups could number 500 or more members. Sunrise, sunset. Rodrigues fruit bats are most active at dawn, at dusk, and at night.
  why does your heart rate increase during exercise bbc bitesize?	During exercise there is an increase in physical activity and muscle cells respire more than they do when the body is at rest. The heart rate increases during exercise. The rate and depth of breathing increases - this makes sure that more oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and more carbon dioxide is removed from it.

• Loss: CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 2048
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 2048
• learning_rate: 8e-05
• num_train_epochs: 1
• warmup_ratio: 0.05
• bf16: True
• batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Training Logs

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.11.10
• Sentence Transformers: 3.3.1
• Transformers: 4.48.0.dev0
• PyTorch: 2.6.0.dev20241112+cu121
• Accelerate: 1.2.0
• Datasets: 3.2.0
• Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{gao2021scaling,
    title={Scaling Deep Contrastive Learning Batch Size under Memory Limited Setup},
    author={Luyu Gao and Yunyi Zhang and Jiawei Han and Jamie Callan},
    year={2021},
    eprint={2101.06983},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}