Model Overview
Model Features
Model Capabilities
Use Cases
🚀 ALBERT Large v1
A pretrained model on the English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective, which can extract useful features for downstream tasks.
🚀 Quick Start
This is a pretrained model on the English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in this paper and first released in this repository. This model, like all ALBERT models, is uncased, meaning it does not distinguish between "english" and "English".
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model, so this model card has been written by the Hugging Face team.
✨ Features
- Bidirectional Representation Learning: Through Masked Language Modeling (MLM), the model can learn a bidirectional representation of sentences, which is different from traditional RNNs and autoregressive models.
- Sentence Ordering Prediction: ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
- Shared Layers: ALBERT shares its layers across its Transformer, resulting in a small memory footprint.
📦 Installation
This model can be used directly with the transformers
library. You can install it via pip:
pip install transformers
💻 Usage Examples
Basic Usage
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-large-v1')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modeling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.05816134437918663,
"token":12807,
"token_str":"â–modeling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modelling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.03748830780386925,
"token":23089,
"token_str":"â–modelling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a model model.[SEP]",
"score":0.033725276589393616,
"token":1061,
"token_str":"â–model"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a runway model.[SEP]",
"score":0.017313428223133087,
"token":8014,
"token_str":"â–runway"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a lingerie model.[SEP]",
"score":0.014405295252799988,
"token":29104,
"token_str":"â–lingerie"
}
]
Advanced Usage
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, AlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-large-v1')
model = AlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-large-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
And in TensorFlow:
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, TFAlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-large-v1')
model = TFAlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-large-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
📚 Documentation
Model Description
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. It was pretrained with two objectives: Masked Language Modeling (MLM) and Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP).
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can be used to extract features useful for downstream tasks.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer, resulting in a small memory footprint. However, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers.
This is the first version of the large model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training, and it has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
Property | Details |
---|---|
Repeating Layers | 24 |
Embedding Dimension | 128 |
Hidden Dimension | 1024 |
Attention Heads | 16 |
Parameters | 17M |
Intended Uses & Limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked) to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification, or question answering. For tasks such as text generation, you should look at models like GPT2.
Limitations and Bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased predictions:
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-large-v1')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.029577180743217468,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028865724802017212,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a shoemaker.[SEP]",
"score":0.02581118606030941,
"token":29024,
"token_str":"â–shoemaker"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a blacksmith.[SEP]",
"score":0.01849772222340107,
"token":21238,
"token_str":"â–blacksmith"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a lawyer.[SEP]",
"score":0.01820771023631096,
"token":3672,
"token_str":"â–lawyer"
}
]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a receptionist.[SEP]",
"score":0.04604868218302727,
"token":25331,
"token_str":"â–receptionist"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028220869600772858,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a paramedic.[SEP]",
"score":0.0261906236410141,
"token":23386,
"token_str":"â–paramedic"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.024797942489385605,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress.[SEP]",
"score":0.024124596267938614,
"token":13678,
"token_str":"â–waitress"
}
]
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training Data
The ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038 unpublished books, and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables, and headers).
Training Procedure
Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are then of the form:
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup. The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are as follows:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by
[MASK]
. - In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
Evaluation Results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
Average | SQuAD1.1 | SQuAD2.0 | MNLI | SST-2 | RACE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V2 | ||||||
ALBERT-base | 82.3 | 90.2/83.2 | 82.1/79.3 | 84.6 | 92.9 | 66.8 |
ALBERT-large | 85.7 | 91.8/85.2 | 84.9/81.8 | 86.5 | 94.9 | 75.2 |
ALBERT-xlarge | 87.9 | 92.9/86.4 | 87.9/84.1 | 87.9 | 95.4 | 80.7 |
ALBERT-xxlarge | 90.9 | 94.6/89.1 | 89.8/86.9 | 90.6 | 96.8 | 86.8 |
V1 | ||||||
ALBERT-base | 80.1 | 89.3/82.3 | 80.0/77.1 | 81.6 | 90.3 | 64.0 |
ALBERT-large | 82.4 | 90.6/83.9 | 82.3/79.4 | 83.5 | 91.7 | 68.5 |
ALBERT-xlarge | 85.5 | 92.5/86.1 | 86.1/83.1 | 86.4 | 92.4 | 74.8 |
ALBERT-xxlarge | 91.0 | 94.8/89.3 | 90.2/87.4 | 90.8 | 96.9 | 86.5 |
🔧 Technical Details
The ALBERT model uses a self-supervised learning approach with two main objectives: Masked Language Modeling (MLM) and Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP). The model shares its layers across the Transformer, which helps reduce the memory footprint.
The masking procedure during training is carefully designed to ensure the model can learn effective representations. The evaluation results show that the ALBERT models perform well on various downstream tasks.
📄 License
This model is licensed under the Apache 2.0 license.
BibTeX entry and citation info
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11942,
author = {Zhenzhong Lan and
Mingda Chen and
Sebastian Goodman and
Kevin Gimpel and
Piyush Sharma and
Radu Soricut},
title = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
Representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1909.11942},
year = {2019},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1909.11942},
timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

